Publications

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Books

Boas, D. A., C. Pitris, and N. Ramanujam, Handbook of biomedical Optics, : CRC Press, 2011.

Book Chapters and Review Articles

Vishwanath, K., G. M. Palmer, J. Q. Brown, and N. Ramanujam, "Non-invasive and quantitative sensing of tumor physiology and function via steady-state diffuse optical spectroscopy", Biosensors and Biodetection Technologies for Cancer Detection, Diagnosis and Research: CRC Press, In Press.
Brown, J. Q., K. Vishwanath, T. V. C. Chang, and N. Ramanujam, "Clinical Applications of UV-VIS Optical Spectroscopy in Cervix, Head and Neck, and Breast Cancer", In Vivo Clinical Imaging and Diagnosis, pp. 239-285, 2011.
Skala, M. C., and N. Ramanujam, "Multiphoton Redox Ratio Imaging for Metabolic Monitoring in vivo", Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress, vol. 594, pp. 155-162, 2010.
Brown, Q. J., T. M. Bydlon, L. M. Richards, B. Yu, S. A. Kennedy, J. Geradts, L. G. Wilke, M. K. Junker, J. Gallagher, W. T. Barry, et al., "Optical Assesssment of Tumor Resection Margins in the Breast", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 16, issue 3, pp. 530 - 544, 05/2010. Abstract
Brown, Q. J., K. Vishwanath, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, "Advances in quantitative UV–visible spectroscopy for clinical and pre-clinical application in cancer", Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 20, issue 1, pp. 119 - 131, 2/2009. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., "Fluorescence Spectroscopy In Vivo", Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006. Abstract
Gill, E. M., G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, "Steady-state fluorescence imaging of neoplasia", Methods in Enzymology, 2003/03/11, vol. 361, Biophotonics Part B: Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 452-81, 2003.
PALMER, G., and N. Ramanujam, "Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Using Optical Spectroscopy", Medical Laser Application, vol. 18, issue 3, pp. 233 - 248, 2003. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., "Fluorescence spectroscopy of neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues", Neoplasia, vol. 2, pp. 1-29, 2000.
Ramanujam, N., D. A. Boas, and Y. Li, "Laser spectroscopy and imaging for characterization of tissue", Lasers in Surface Engineering, Materials Park, OH, ASM International, pp. 523-594, 1998.
Ramanujam, N., M. F. Mitchell, A. Mahadevan, S. Thomsen, E. Silva, and R. R. Richards-Kortum, "Fluorescence spectroscopy: a diagnostic tool for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia", Femal Genital Tract, Chicago, IL, Mosby-Year Book, 1995.

Archived Journal Articles

Zhong, J., N. Rajaram, D. M. Brizel, A. E. Frees, N. Ramanujam, I. Batinic-Haberle, and M. W. Dewhirst, "Radiation induces aerobic glycolysis through reactive oxygen species", Radiotherapy and Oncology, 3/2013.
Dhar, S., J. Y. Lo, G. M. Palmer, M. A. Brooke, B. S. Nichols, B. Yu, N. Ramanujam, and N. M. Jokerst, "A diffuse reflectance spectral imaging system for tumor margin assessment using custom annular photodiode arrays", Biomedical Optics Express, vol. 3, issue 12, pp. 3211, 2012.
Yu, B., A. Shah, B. Wang, N. Rajaram, Q. Wang, N. Ramanujam, G. M. Palmer, and M. W. Dewhirst, "Measuring tumor cycling hypoxia and angiogenesis using a side-firing fiber optic probe", Journal of Biophotonics, pp. n/a - n/a, 12/2012.
Liu, C., N. Rajaram, K. Vishwanath, T. Jiang, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, "Experimental validation of an inverse fluorescence Monte Carlo model to extract concentrations of metabolically relevant fluorophores from turbid phantoms and a murine tumor model", Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 17, issue 7, pp. 077012, 2012.
Bydlon, T. M., W. T. Barry, S. A. Kennedy, Q. J. Brown, J. E. Gallagher, L. G. Wilke, J. Geradts, and N. Ramanujam, "Advancing Optical Imaging for Breast Margin Assessment: An Analysis of Excisional Time, Cautery, and Patent Blue Dye on Underlying Sources of Contrast", PLoS ONE, vol. 7, issue 12, pp. e51418, 12/2012.
Millon, S. R., J. H. Ostrander, Q. J. Brown, A. Raheja, V. L. Seewaldt, and N. Ramanujam, "Uptake of 2-NBDG as a method to monitor therapy response in breast cancer cell lines", Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 126, issue 1, pp. 55 - 62, 2/2011. Abstract
Chang, V. T. - C., D. Merisier, B. Yu, D. K. Walmer, and N. Ramanujam, "Towards a field-compatible optical Spectroscopic device for cervical cancer screening in resource-limited settings: effects of calibration and pressure", Opt. Express, vol. 19, no. 19: OSA, pp. 17908–17924, Sep, 2011. Abstract
Beumer, H. W., K. Vishwanath, L. Puscas, H. R. Afshari, N. Ramanujam, and W. T. Lee, "Detection of Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Corresponding Biomarkers Using Optical Spectroscopy", Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, vol. 144, issue 3, pp. 390 - 394, 03/2011. Abstract
Yu, B., H. L. Fu, and N. Ramanujam, "Instrument independent diffuse reflectance spectroscopy", Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 16, issue 1, pp. 011010, 2011. Abstract
Vishwanath, K., K. Chang, D. Klein, Y. F. Deng, V. Chang, J. E. Phelps, and N. Ramanujam, "Portable, Fiber-Based, Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (DRS) Systems for Estimating Tissue Optical Properties", Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 65, issue 2, pp. 206 - 215, 02/2011.
Gill, E. M., J. A. Straseski, C. A. Rasmussen, S. J. Liliensiek, K. W. Eliceiri, N. Ramanujam, J. G. White, and L. B. Allen-Hoffmann, "Visualization of Morphological and Molecular Features Associated with Chronic Ischemia in Bioengineered Human Skin", Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol. 16, issue 02, pp. 117, 4/2010. Abstract
Kennedy, S., J. Geradts, T. Bydlon, Q. J. Brown, J. Gallagher, M. Junker, W. Barry, N. Ramanujam, and L. Wilke, "Optical breast cancer margin assessment: an observational study of the effects of tissue heterogeneity on optical contrast", Breast Cancer Research, vol. 12, issue 6, pp. R91, 2010. Abstract
Phelps, J. E., K. Vishwanath, V. T. C. Chang, and N. Ramanujam, "Rapid ratiometric determination of hemoglobin concentration using UV-VIS diffuse reflectance at isosbestic wavelengths", Optics Express, vol. 18, issue 18, pp. 18779, 2010. Abstract
Ostrander, J. H., C. M. McMahon, S. Lem, S. R. Millon, J. Q. Brown, V. L. Seewaldt, and N. Ramanujam, "Optical Redox Ratio Differentiates Breast Cancer Cell Lines Based on Estrogen Receptor Status", Cancer Research, vol. 70, issue 11, pp. 4759 - 4766, 06/2010. Abstract
Millon, S. R., J. H. Ostrander, S. Yazdanfar, Q. J. Brown, J. E. Bender, A. Rajeha, and N. Ramanujam, "Preferential accumulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX in breast cancer: a comprehensive study on six breast cell lines with varying phenotypes", Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 15, issue 1, pp. 018002, 2010. Abstract
Fu, H. L., B. Yu, J. Y. Lo, G. M. Palmer, T. F. Kuech, and N. Ramanujam, "A low-cost, portable, and quantitative spectral imaging system for application to biological tissues", Optics Express, vol. 18, issue 12, pp. 12630, 2010. Abstract
Chang, V. T. - C., S. M. Bean, P. S. Cartwright, and N. Ramanujam, "Visible light optical spectroscopy is sensitive to neovascularization in the dysplastic cervix", Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 15, issue 5, pp. 057006, 2010. Abstract
Bydlon, T. M., S. A. Kennedy, L. M. Richards, Q. J. Brown, B. Yu, M. K. Junker, J. Gallagher, J. Geradts, L. G. Wilke, and N. Ramanujam, "Performance metrics of an optical spectral imaging system for intra-operative assessment of breast tumor margins", Optics Express, vol. 18, issue 8, pp. 8058, 2010. Abstract
Fu, H. L., B. Yu, J. Y. Lo, G. M. Palmer, T. F. Kuech, and N. Ramanujam, "A low-cost, portable, and quantitative spectral imaging system for application to biological tissues", Opt. Express, vol. 18, no. 12: OSA, pp. 12630–12645, Jun, 2010. Abstract
Fu, H. L., B. Yu, J. Y. Lo, G. M. Palmer, T. F. Kuech, and N. Ramanujam, "A low-cost, portable, and quantitative spectral imaging system for application to biological tissues", Optics Express, vol. 18, issue 12, pp. 12630, 2010.
Wilke, L. G., Q. J. Brown, T. M. Bydlon, S. A. Kennedy, L. M. Richards, M. K. Junker, J. Gallagher, W. T. Barry, J. Geradts, and N. Ramanujam, "Rapid noninvasive optical imaging of tissue composition in breast tumor margins", The American Journal of Surgery, vol. 198, issue 4, pp. 566 - 574, 10/2009. Abstract
Vishwanath, K., D. Klein, K. Chang, T. Schroeder, M. W. Dewhirst, and N. Ramanujam, "Quantitative optical spectroscopy can identify long-term local tumor control in irradiated murine head and neck xenografts", Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 14, issue 5, pp. 054051, 2009. Abstract
Vishwanath, K., H. Yuan, W. T. Barry, M. W. Dewhirst, and N. Ramanujam, "Using optical spectroscopy to longitudinally monitor physiological changes within solid tumors", Neoplasia, 2009/09/03, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 889-900, Sep, 2009. Abstract
Lo, J. Y., B. Yu, H. L. Fu, J. E. Bender, G. M. Palmer, T. F. Kuech, and N. Ramanujam, "A strategy for quantitative spectral imaging of tissue absorption and scattering using light emitting diodes and photodiodes", Opt Express, 2009/02/04, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1372-84, Feb 2, 2009. Abstract
Bender, J. E., A. B. Shang, E. W. Moretti, B. Yu, L. M. Richards, and N. Ramanujam, "Noninvasive monitoring of tissue hemoglobin using UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: a pilot study", Optics Express, vol. 17, issue 26, pp. 23396, 2009. Abstract
Brown, J. Q., L. G. Wilke, J. Geradts, S. A. Kennedy, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, "Quantitative Optical Spectroscopy: A Robust Tool for Direct Measurement of Breast Cancer Vascular Oxygenation and Total Hemoglobin Content In vivo", Cancer Research, vol. 69, issue 7, pp. 2919 - 2926, 03/2009. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., C. F. Zhu, E. S. Burnside, G. A. Sisney, L. R. Salkowski, J. M. Harter, and B. Yu, "Fluorescence Spectroscopy: An Adjunct Diagnostic Tool to Image-Guided Core Needle Biopsy of the Breast", Ieee Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 2518-2528, Oct, 2009. Abstract
Bender, J. E., K. Vishwanath, L. K. Moore, J. Q. Brown, V. Chang, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, "A Robust Monte Carlo Model for the Extraction of Biological Absorption and Scattering In Vivo", IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 56, issue 4, pp. 960 - 968, 04/2009. Abstract
Chang, V. T., P. S. Cartwright, S. M. Bean, G. M. Palmer, R. C. Bentley, and N. Ramanujam, "Quantitative physiology of the precancerous cervix in vivo through optical spectroscopy", Neoplasia, 2009/03/25, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 325-32, Apr, 2009. Abstract
Palmer, G. M., R. J. Viola, T. Schroeder, P. S. Yarmolenko, M. W. Dewhirst, and N. Ramanujam, "Quantitative diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy: tool to monitor tumor physiology in vivo", Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 14, issue 2, pp. 024010, 2009. Abstract
Zhu, C., T. M. Breslin, J. Harter, and N. Ramanujam, "Model based and empirical spectral analysis for the diagnosis of breast cancer", Opt Express, 2008/09/17, vol. 16, no. 19, pp. 14961-78, Sep 15, 2008. Abstract
Yu, B., J. Y. Lo, T. F. Kuech, G. M. Palmer, J. E. Bender, and N. Ramanujam, "Cost-effective diffuse reflectance spectroscopy device for quantifying tissue absorption and scattering in vivo", J Biomed Opt, 2009/01/07, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 060505, Nov-Dec, 2008. Abstract
Yu, B., H. Fu, T. Bydlon, J. E. Bender, and N. Ramanujam, "Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with a self-calibrating fiber optic probe", Opt Lett, 2008/08/19, vol. 33, no. 16, pp. 1783-5, Aug 15, 2008. Abstract
Palmer, G. M., and N. Ramanujam, "Monte-Carlo-based model for the extraction of intrinsic fluorescence from turbid media", J Biomed Opt, 2008/05/10, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 024017, Mar-Apr, 2008. Abstract
Lazebnik, M., C. Zhu, G. M. Palmer, J. Harter, S. Sewall, N. Ramanujam, and S. C. Hagness, "Electromagnetic spectroscopy of normal breast tissue specimens obtained from reduction surgeries: comparison of optical and microwave properties", IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2008/10/08, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 2444-51, Oct, 2008. Abstract
Zhu, C., G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, J. Harter, and N. Ramanujam, "Diagnosis of breast cancer using fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: a Monte-Carlo-model-based approach", J Biomed Opt, 2008/07/08, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 034015, May-Jun, 2008. Abstract
Yu, B., E. S. Burnside, G. A. Sisney, J. M. Harter, C. Zhu, A. H. Dhalla, and N. Ramanujam, "Feasibility of near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopy on patients undergoing imageguided core-needle biopsy", Opt Express, 2007/06/11, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 7335-50, Jun 11, 2007. Abstract
Brown, J. Q., L. G. Wilke, S. Kennedy, G. PALMER, J. Geradts, and N. Ramanujam, "Intraoperative in vivo reflectance spectroscopy for discrimination of normal, benign, and malignant breast tissues", Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 106, pp. S209-S210, 2007.
Skala, M. C., K. M. Riching, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, J. G. White, and N. Ramanujam, "In vivo multiphoton microscopy of NADH and FAD redox states, fluorescence lifetimes, and cellular morphology in precancerous epithelia", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2007/11/29, vol. 104, no. 49, pp. 19494-9, Dec 4, 2007. Abstract
Skala, M. C., K. M. Riching, D. K. Bird, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, J. Eickhoff, K. W. Eliceiri, P. J. Keely, and N. Ramanujam, "In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia", J Biomed Opt, 2007/05/05, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 024014, Mar-Apr, 2007. Abstract
Skala, M. C., G. M. Palmer, K. M. Vrotsos, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, "Comparison of a physical model and principal component analysis for the diagnosis of epithelial neoplasias in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy", Opt Express, 2007/10/04, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 7863-75, Jun 11, 2007. Abstract
Palmer, G. M., and N. Ramanujam, "Use of genetic algorithms to optimize fiber optic probe design for the extraction of tissue optical properties", IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2007/08/19, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 1533-5, Aug, 2007. Abstract
Liu, Q., and N. Ramanujam, "Scaling method for fast Monte Carlo simulation of diffuse reflectance spectra from multilayered turbid media", J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis, 2007/03/16, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1011-25, Apr, 2007. Abstract
Palmer, G. M., and N. Ramanujam, "Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms", Appl Opt, 2006/03/04, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1062-71, Feb 10, 2006. Abstract
Liu, Q., and N. Ramanujam, "Sequential estimation of optical properties of a two-layered epithelial tissue model from depth-resolved ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra", Appl Opt, 2006/06/27, vol. 45, no. 19, pp. 4776-90, Jul 1, 2006. Abstract
Zhu, C., G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, J. Harter, and N. Ramanujam, "Diagnosis of breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Comparison of a Monte Carlo versus partial least squares analysis based feature extraction technique", Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, vol. 38, no. 7: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company, pp. 714–724, 2006.
Millon, S. R., K. M. Roldan-Perez, K. M. Riching, G. M. Palmer, and N. Ramanujam, "Effect of optical clearing agents on the in vivo optical properties of squamous epithelial tissue", Lasers Surg Med, 2006/12/14, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 920-7, Dec, 2006. Abstract
Palmer, G. M., C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, "Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis", Appl Opt, 2006/03/04, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1072-8, Feb 10, 2006. Abstract
Zhu, C., G. M. Palmer, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, and N. Ramanujam, "Use of a multiseparation fiber optic probe for the optical diagnosis of breast cancer", J Biomed Opt, 2005/05/25, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 024032, Mar-Apr, 2005. Abstract
Skala, M. C., J. M. Squirrell, K. M. Vrotsos, J. C. Eickhoff, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, K. W. Eliceiri, and N. Ramanujam, "Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues", Cancer Res, 2005/03/01, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 1180-6, Feb 15, 2005. Abstract
Bird, D. K., L. Yan, K. M. Vrotsos, K. W. Eliceiri, E. M. Vaughan, P. J. Keely, J. G. White, and N. Ramanujam, "Metabolic mapping of MCF10A human breast cells via multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of the coenzyme NADH", Cancer Res, 2005/10/06, vol. 65, no. 19, pp. 8766-73, Oct 1, 2005. Abstract
Skala, M. C., G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, Q. Liu, K. M. Vrotsos, C. L. Marshek-Stone, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and N. Ramanujam, "Investigation of fiber-optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre-cancers", Lasers Surg Med, 2004/02/03, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 25-38, 2004. Abstract
Lubawy, C., and N. Ramanujam, "Endoscopically compatible near-infrared photon migration probe", Opt Lett, 2004/10/01, vol. 29, no. 17, pp. 2022-4, Sep 1, 2004. Abstract
Liu, Q., and N. Ramanujam, "Experimental proof of the feasibility of using an angled fiber-optic probe for depth-sensitive fluorescence spectroscopy of turbid media", Opt Lett, 2004/10/01, vol. 29, no. 17, pp. 2034-6, Sep 1, 2004. Abstract
Breslin, T. M., F. Xu, G. M. Palmer, C. Zhu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, "Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance properties of malignant and benign breast tissues", Ann Surg Oncol, 2003/12/31, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 65-70, Jan, 2004. Abstract
Zhu, C., Q. Liu, and N. Ramanujam, "Effect of fiber optic probe geometry on depth-resolved fluorescence measurements from epithelial tissues: a Monte Carlo simulation", J Biomed Opt, 2003/04/10, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 237-47, Apr, 2003. Abstract
Palmer, G. M., C. Zhu, T. M. Breslin, F. Xu, K. W. Gilchrist, and N. Ramanujam, "Comparison of multiexcitation fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the diagnosis of breast cancer (March 2003)", IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2003/11/19, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 1233-42, Nov, 2003. Abstract
Palmer, G. M., P. J. Keely, T. M. Breslin, and N. Ramanujam, "Autofluorescence spectroscopy of normal and malignant human breast cell lines", Photochem Photobiol, 2003/12/05, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 462-9, Nov, 2003. Abstract
Liu, Q., C. Zhu, and N. Ramanujam, "Experimental validation of Monte Carlo modeling of fluorescence in tissues in the UV-visible spectrum", J Biomed Opt, 2003/04/10, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 223-36, Apr, 2003. Abstract
Gill, E. M., A. Malpica, R. E. Alford, A. R. Nath, M. Follen, R. R. Richards-Kortum, and N. Ramanujam, "Relationship between collagen autofluorescence of the human cervix and menopausal status", Photochem Photobiol, 2003/07/23, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 653-8, Jun, 2003. Abstract
Choe, R., T. Durduran, G. Yu, M. J. Nijland, B. Chance, A. G. Yodh, and N. Ramanujam, "Transabdominal near infrared oximetry of hypoxic stress in fetal sheep brain in utero", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2003/10/18, vol. 100, no. 22, pp. 12950-4, Oct 28, 2003. Abstract
Quan, L., and N. Ramanujam, "Relationship between depth of a target in a turbid medium and fluorescence measured by a variable-aperture method", Opt Lett, 2007/11/17, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 104-6, Jan 15, 2002. Abstract
Palmer, G. M., C. L. Marshek, K. M. Vrotsos, and N. Ramanujam, "Optimal methods for fluorescence and diffuse reflectance measurements of tissue biopsy samples", Lasers Surg Med, 2002/03/14, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 191-200, 2002. Abstract
Gu, Y., Z. Qian, J. Chen, D. Blessington, N. Ramanujam, and B. Chance, "High-resolution three-dimensional scanning optical image system for intrinsic and extrinsic contrast agents in tissue", Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 73, issue 1, pp. 172, 2002. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., R. Richards-Kortum, S. Thomsen, A. Mahadevan-Jansen, M. Follen, and B. Chance, "Low Temperature Fluorescence Imaging of Freeze-trapped Human Cervical Tissues", Opt Express, 2001/03/12, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 335-43, Mar 12, 2001. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., J. Chen, K. Gossage, R. Richards-Kortum, and B. Chance, "Fast and noninvasive fluorescence imaging of biological tissues in vivo using a flying-spot scanner", IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2001/09/06, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 1034-41, Sep, 2001. Abstract
Zourabian, A., A. Siegel, B. Chance, N. Ramanujan, M. Rode, and D. A. Boas, "Trans-abdominal monitoring of fetal arterial blood oxygenation using pulse oximetry", J Biomed Opt, 2000/11/25, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 391-405, Oct, 2000. Abstract
Vishnoi, G., A. H. Hielscher, N. Ramanujam, and B. Chance, "Photon migration through fetal head in utero using continuous wave, near-infrared spectroscopy: development and evaluation of experimental and numerical models", J Biomed Opt, 2000/08/12, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 163-72, Apr, 2000. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., G. Vishnoi, A. Hielscher, M. Rode, I. Forouzan, and B. Chance, "Photon migration through fetal head in utero using continuous wave, near infrared spectroscopy: clinical and experimental model studies", J Biomed Opt, 2000/08/12, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 173-84, Apr, 2000. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., "Fluorescence spectroscopy of neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues", Neoplasia, 2000/08/10, vol. 2, no. 1-2, pp. 89-117, Jan-Apr, 2000. Abstract
Jacques, S. L., N. Ramanujam, G. Vishnoi, R. Choe, and B. Chance, "Modeling photon transport in transabdominal fetal oximetry", J Biomed Opt, 2000/08/25, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 277-82, Jul, 2000. Abstract
Mitchell, M. F., S. B. Cantor, N. Ramanujam, G. Tortolero-Luna, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Fluorescence spectroscopy for diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix", Obstet Gynecol, 1999/03/13, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 462-70, Mar, 1999. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., H. Long, M. Rode, I. Forouzan, M. Morgan, and B. Chance, "Antepartum, transabdominal near infrared spectroscopy: feasibility of measuring photon migration through the fetal head in utero", J Matern Fetal Med, 1999/12/03, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 275-88, Nov-Dec, 1999. Abstract
Yazdi, Y., N. Ramanujam, R. Lotan, M. F. Mitchell, W. Hittelman, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Resonance Raman Spectroscopy at 257 nm Excitation of Normal and Malignant Cultured Breast and Cervical Cells", Appl. Spectrosc., vol. 53, no. 1: OSA, pp. 82–85, Jan, 1999. Abstract
Mahadevan-Jansen, A., M. F. Mitchell, N. Ramanujam, U. Utzinger, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Development of a fiber optic probe to measure NIR Raman spectra of cervical tissue in vivo", Photochem Photobiol, 1998/09/25, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 427-31, Sep, 1998. Abstract
Mahadevan-Jansen, A., M. F. Mitchell, N. Ramanujam, A. Malpica, S. Thomsen, U. Utzinger, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for in vitro detection of cervical precancers", Photochem Photobiol, 1998/07/29, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 123-32, Jul, 1998. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., C. Du, H. Y. Ma, and B. Chance, "Sources of phase noise in homodyne and heterodyne phase modulation devices used for tissue oximetry studies", Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 69, issue 8, pp. 3042, 1998. Abstract
Chance, B., M. Cope, E. Gratton, N. Ramanujam, and B. Tromberg, "Phase measurement of light absorption and scatter in human tissue", Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 69, issue 10, pp. 3457, 1998. Abstract
Trujillo, E. V., D. R. Sandison, U. Utzinger, N. Ramanujam, F. M. Mitchell, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Method to Determine Tissue Fluorescence Efficiency in Vivo and Predict Signal-to-Noise Ratio for Spectrometers", Appl. Spectrosc., vol. 52, no. 7: OSA, pp. 943–951, Jul, 1998. Abstract
Tumer, K., N. Ramanujam, J. Ghosh, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Ensembles of radial basis function networks for spectroscopic detection of cervical precancer", IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 1998/08/06, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 953-61, Aug, 1998. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., M. F. Mitchell, A. Mahadevan-Jansen, S. L. Thomsen, G. Staerkel, A. Malpica, T. Wright, N. Atkinson, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Cervical precancer detection using a multivariate statistical algorithm based on laser-induced fluorescence spectra at multiple excitation wavelengths", Photochem Photobiol, 1996/10/01, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 720-35, Oct, 1996. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., M. F. Mitchell, A. Mahadevan, S. Thomsen, A. Malpica, T. Wright, N. Atkinson, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Development of a multivariate statistical algorithm to analyze human cervical tissue fluorescence spectra acquired in vivo", Lasers Surg Med, 1996/01/01, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 46-62, 1996. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., M. F. Mitchell, A. Mahadevan, S. Thomsen, A. Malpica, T. Wright, N. Atkinson, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Spectroscopic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in vivo using laser-induced fluorescence spectra at multiple excitation wavelengths", Lasers Surg Med, 1996/01/01, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 63-74, 1996. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., M. F. Mitchell, A. Mahadevan, S. Warren, S. Thomsen, E. Silva, and R. Richards-Kortum, "In vivo diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia using 337-nm-excited laser-induced fluorescence", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1994/10/11, vol. 91, no. 21, pp. 10193-7, Oct 11, 1994. Abstract
Ramanujam, N., M. F. Mitchell, A. Mahadevan, S. Thomsen, E. Silva, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Fluorescence spectroscopy: a diagnostic tool for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)", Gynecol Oncol, 1994/01/01, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 31-8, Jan, 1994. Abstract
Durkin, A. J., S. Jaikumar, N. Ramanujam, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Relation between fluorescence spectra of dilute and turbid samples", Applied Optics, vol. 33, issue 3, pp. 414, 1994. Abstract

Conference Proceedings

Kennedy, S., J. Mueller, T. Bydlon, Q. J. Brown, and N. Ramanujam, Using wide-field quantitative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in combination with high-resolution imaging for margin assessment, , vol. 7890, no. 1: SPIE, pp. 78900C, 2011.
Chang, V. T. - C., D. Merisier, B. Yu, D. K. Walmer, and N. Ramanujam, Calibration schemes of a field-compatible optical spectroscopic system to quantify neovascular changes in the dysplastic cervix, , vol. 7891, no. 1: SPIE, pp. 78910A, 2011.
Lo, J. Y., B. Yu, T. F. Kuech, and N. Ramanujam, "A compact, cost-effective diffuse reflectance spectroscopic imaging system for quantitative tissue absorption and scattering", Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic Systems IX, San Francisco, California, USA, Proceedings of SPIE, pp. 78900B - 78900B-6, 2011. Abstract
Brown, Q. J., T. M. Bydlon, S. A. Kennedy, J. Geradts, L. G. Wilke, W. Barry, L. M. Richards, M. K. Junker, J. Gallagher, and N. Ramanujam, "Assessment of breast tumor margins via quantitative diffuse reflectance imaging", Biomedical Applications of Light Scattering IV, San Francisco, California, USA, Proceedings of SPIE, pp. 75730O - 75730O-7, 2010. Abstract
Brown, J. Q., B. Yu, and N. Ramanujam, "Tissue-mimicking phantoms for system calibration and validation in Quantitative Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (Q-DRS)", Design and Performance Validation of Phantoms used in Conjunction with Optical Measurement of Tissue III, SPIE Photonics West – BIOS, San Francisco, CA, 2010.